– Jan Thoden –
With an increasing number of antiretroviral drugs there is an growing risk of adverse drug-drug interactions. These might interfere with therapeutic success. Moreover, antiretroviral drugs are used by an aging patient population with a variety of co-morbidities requiring additional medications. Therefore drug combinations as well as drug concentrations or dosages need to be carefully chosen to avoid toxicity while exceeding sub-therapeutic levels.
By inducing or inhibiting enzyme production, the elimination of a drug and hence its plasma levels are influenced. Especially metabolization by cytochrome-P450 plays a crucial role for drug-drug interactions. As many other drugs, PIs and NNRTIs are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4 in liver and the gastrointestinal tract. Another pathway for the elimination of antiretroviral drugs is the glucuronidation by glucuronosyltransferases, though this usually does not cause clinically relevant interactions. Moreover, there are major inter-individual differences in enzyme activity and drug metabolization rates. Other factors that need to be considered include genetic polymorphisms, ethnicity, age, sex, and co-morbidities.
The tables in this chapter provide a brief overview of drug combinations deemed safe (+) as well as drug combinations that should be avoided (L). However, for many drug combinations the interactions are uncertain, unknown or can only be assumed based on theoretical calculations (K). In these cases, use might still be safe and should be controlled by regular TDM.
The first part of this chapter deals with ART/ART interactions, the second part deals with interactions between ART and selected relevant concomitant medications. Clinically irrelevant drugs, such as delavirdine, as well as drugs which are not yet approved are not included. Except for nelfinavir, all PIs are assumed to be given boosted with ritonavir. T-20 is only mentioned in the first part as there are no known relevant interactions with concomitant medications. Ritonavir is only mentioned in the first part, too, yet interactions between it, used as a booster, and concomitant medications need to be considered.
This chapter is intended as a tool to support rapid decision making in the daily practice, but – when in doubt – should not replace a thorough literature search. On rare occasions, drug combinations with know adverse effects might be unavoidable due to a lack of alternatives. In these cases, close monitoring of the patients and the drug levels is necessary, as well as regular TDM.
Abbreviations:
+ Combination of these drugs possible
K Potential interactions or unknown, combination of these drugs is often possible, therapeutic drug monitoring suggested
L Combination of these drugs should be avoided or is contraindicated
↑ up to 50% increased drug levels, ↑↑ up to 100%, ↑↑↑ > 100%
↓ up to 50% decreased drug levels, ↓↓ up to 100%, ↓↓↓ > 100%
BID Twice daily (TID = Three times daily)
QD Once daily
TDM Therapeutic drug monitoring
Part 1: ART + ART
NRTIs + NRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
3TC |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
L1 |
+ |
+ |
ABC |
+ |
|
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
DDI |
+ |
K |
|
L2 |
+ |
L3 |
+ |
D4T |
+ |
+ |
L2 |
|
+ |
+ |
L |
FTC |
L1 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
TDF |
+ |
K |
L3 |
+ |
+ |
|
K |
AZT |
+ |
+ |
+ |
L |
+ |
K |
|
1 Antagonism 2 Increased mitochondrial toxicity (lactic acidosis, pancreatitis, polyneuropathy)
3 DDI ↑↑ (reduce daily dose to 250 mg), increased toxicity, reduced efficacy
NRTIs + NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
ETV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
NVP |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
1 Take DDI fasting, ETV with food – if taken apart, no dose adjustment necessary
NRTIs + PIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
ATV |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
DRV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+3 |
+ |
FPV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
IDV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
LPV |
+ |
K4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+3 |
+ |
NFV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
RTV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
SQV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
TPV |
+ |
K4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K4 |
1 ATV ↓↓, ATV to be taken > 2 hrs before DDI 2 ATV ↓, TDF ↑, ATV always boosted
3 TDF ↑, caveat: combination with nephrotoxic drugs, increased nephrotoxicity possible
4 NRTI ↓ (unknown relevance)
NRTIs + Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
T-20 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
MVC |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
RAL |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
T20 |
MVC |
RAL |
EFV |
L, NNRTIs should not be combined |
+ |
K1 |
K2 |
||
ETV |
+ |
K1 |
K2 |
|||
NVP |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|||
T-20 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
MVC |
K1 |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
|
+3 |
RAL |
K2 |
K2 |
+ |
+ |
+3 |
|
1 MVC ↓↓, increase MVC to 2 x 600 mg/d, if not combined with PI or potent CYP3A4 inhibitor2 RAL ↓, relevance unclear 3 RAL ↓, MVC↓, probably without clinical relevance
NNRTIs + PIs, Entry-/Integrase-Inhibitors + PIs |
||||||
|
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
T207 |
MVC |
RAL |
ATV |
K1 |
L1 |
KL |
+ |
K2 |
K |
DRV |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
FPV |
K |
L3 |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
IDV |
K |
L |
K |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
LPV |
K4 |
+ |
K4 |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
NFV |
K |
L |
K |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
RTV |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
SQV |
K |
+5 |
K |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
TPV |
+ |
L6 |
+ |
K |
+ |
K |
1 ATV ↓↓, ATV always boosted 2 MVC ↑↑↑, reduce MVC to 2 x 150 mg/d
3 FPV ↑↑, relevance unclear, monitor FPV levels
4 LPV ↓, increase LPV to 2 x 3 tablets (controversial in combination with NVP, use TDM)
5 SQV ↓↓, always boosted 6 ETV ↓↓, TPV ↑, combination therefore not recommended
7 T-20 can be increased by PIs, PIs by T-20, too, no clinical relevance; TDM if problems
PIs + PIs
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
ATV |
|
+ |
K |
L |
K |
K |
+1 |
L |
DRV |
+ |
|
K |
K |
L |
K |
L |
L |
FPV |
K |
K |
|
+ |
K |
+ |
+2 |
L |
IDV |
L |
K |
+ |
|
K |
K |
K |
K |
LPV |
K |
L |
K |
K |
|
K |
+ |
L |
NFV |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
|
+ |
K |
RTV |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
SQV |
+1 |
L |
+2 |
K |
+ |
+ |
|
L |
TPV |
L |
L |
L |
K |
L |
K |
L |
|
*1 ATV ↑, SQV ↑, combination well tolerated *2 FPV with 200 mg RTV, combination possible
Comment: The combination of two PIs is probably not more effective compared to second generation PIs (DRV and TPV), is therefore only recommended for special indications.
Part 2: ART + concomitant medications
Gastrointestinal agents
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Cimetidine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Famotidine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Loperamide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
MCP |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Mesalazine |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Ondansetrone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+1 |
+1 |
PPIs |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Ranitidine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
1 NNRTIs are strong enzyme inductors, ondansetrone levels can be decreased
MCP = metoclopramide, PPIs = proton pump inhibitors.
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Antacids |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
+ |
K |
+ |
K1 |
+ |
K |
||||||||
Cimetidine |
K |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+2 |
K |
+ |
K |
||||||||
Famotidine |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
||||||||
Loperamide |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
MCP |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Mesalazine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Ondansetrone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
PPIs |
L3 |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
L |
K |
K |
K4 |
K5 |
||||||||
Ranitidine |
K |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
K |
||||||||
1 PIs ↓, take antacids at least 2 hours apart 2 Cimetidine ↑, SQV ↑↑↑ 3 ATV boosted, TDM recommended, avoid this combination. 4 Potential interactions with esomeprazole, other PPIs probably without relevant interactions. 5 RAL↑↑, relevance unclear
MCP = metoclopramide, PPIs = proton pump inhibitors
PIs/NNRTIs
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Amiodarone |
K |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
Chinidine |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
L |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
Flecainide |
L |
K |
L |
L |
L |
K |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
Propafenone |
L |
K |
L |
L |
K |
K |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
Antibiotics
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Amoxicillin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Azithromycin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
Ciprofloxacin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Clarithromycin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
Clindamycin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Cotrimoxazol |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Dapson |
+ |
+ |
K5 |
K5 |
+ |
+ |
K4 |
K |
K |
K |
Erythromycin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K7 |
K7 |
Ethambutol |
+ |
+ |
K5 |
K5 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Isoniazid |
+ |
+ |
K5 |
K5 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Meropenem |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Metronidazol6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pentamidin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
Pyrazinamid6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pyrimethamin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
K4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Rifabutin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K8 |
L9 |
K |
Rifampicin |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K10 |
L11 |
L |
Streptomycin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
1 AZT ↓, take 1-2 h apart 2 active metabolite ↑, consider alternatives e.g. azithromycin.
3 Caveat: renal function 4 Caveat: hematotoxicity 5 Caveat: neuropathy, avoid; dapsone ↓
6 Theoretical data on interactions with NRTIs 7 NNRTI ↑, consider alternatives (azithromycin)
8Rifabutin ↓, increase dosage to 450-600 mg/d 9ETV ↓, rifabutin ↓, avoid this combination
10 EFV ↓, increase EFV to 800 mg/d 1 ETV approved in combination with PI/r – rifampin contraindicated
Comment: No relevant interactions with azithromycin, ciprofloxazin and tetracyclines.
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
Amoxicillin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Azithromycin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
Ciprofloxacin |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
Clarithromycin |
K2 |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
L3 |
+4 |
+ |
Clindamycin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Cotrimoxazol |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
Dapson |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
Erythromycin5 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
Ethambutol |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Isoniazid |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
Meropenem |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Metronidazol6 |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
Pentamidin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pyrazinamid6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pyrimethamin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Rifabutin7 |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
Rifampicin |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
+8 |
K |
Streptomycin6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Tetracycline |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
1 NFV ↓ , azithromycin ↑↑ 2 QT-prolongation possible, clarithromycin ↑ – 50%, reduce dose
3 TPV ↑↑ 4 MVC ↑↑, reduce MVC to 2×150 mg/d 5 PIs ↑, erythromycin ↑, consider azithromycin
6 Little data, probably no relevant interactions 7 rifabutin ↑↑, reduce to 150 mg every other day 8 Increase MVC to 2 x 600 mg/d, if not combined with PI or potent CYP3A4 inhibitor
Comment: (Probably) no relevant interactions with ciprofloxazin, clindamycin and streptomycin.
Antidepressants
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Amitriptyline |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
Bupropion |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1 |
K |
K |
Citalopram |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1 |
K |
K |
Desipramine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
Doxepin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
Fluoxetine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
St. John´s w. |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
L |
L |
L |
Lithium |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Mirtazapine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1 |
K |
K |
Nortriptyline |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Paroxetine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+1 |
+ |
+ |
Sertraline |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
Trazodone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K |
K |
Venlafaxine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K |
K |
1 CNS-effects of EFV can be increased
Comment: No data exists for most antidepressants and their interactions with NRTIs
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Amitriptyline1 |
L |
K |
L |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Bupropion |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Citalopram4 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Desipramine1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Doxepin4 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Fluoxetine4 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
St. John´s w. |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
+ |
||||||||
Lithium |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Mirtazapine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Nortriptyline1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Paroxetine |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K4 |
L4 |
+ |
K4 |
K4 |
K |
K |
||||||||
Sertraline |
K |
K3 |
K |
K |
L |
K |
K |
K4 |
K |
K |
||||||||
Trazodone |
L |
L4 |
L |
L4 |
K |
L |
L |
L |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Venlafaxine5 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
||||||||
1 Tricyclic antidepressants and boosted PIs: PI ↑, antidepressant ↑
2 Paroxetine ↓-↓↓, adjust if applicable 3 Sertraline ↓, adjust if applicable
4 Antidepressant↑, titrate dose! 5 Boosted PIs ↑ and venlafaxine ↑, TDM of PIs, careful titration! 6 Tricyclic antidepressants and boosted PIs: PI ↑, antidepressants ↑
Antidiabetics (oral)
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Exenatide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Glibenclamid |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Glimepirid |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
Metformin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pioglitazone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Repaglinide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K1 |
K1 |
Rosiglitazone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Sitagliptin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
1 TDM of NNRTIs recommended
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Exenatide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Glibenclamid |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Glimepirid |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Metformin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Pioglitazone |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Repaglinide |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Rosiglitazone |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Sitagliptin |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Antihistamines
No relevant interactions with NRTIs, MVC and RAL to be expected.
PIs/NNRTIs
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Astemizole1 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
Cetirizine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
Fexofenadine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K2 |
K |
K |
Loratadine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
Terfenadine1 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
1 Caveat: Arrhythmia 2 CNS-effects of EFV can be increased
Comment: No relevant interactions with NRTIs
Antihypertensive therapy
Calcium-channel blockers (CCB) can be increased (separate chapter), especially in combination with PIs. They should be carefully introduced. In combination with NNRTIs variations in drug levels are possible. In general, alternatives should be considered.
The combination of beta blockers and Atazanavir can lead to QT-prolongation.
Anticonvulsants
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Cabamazepine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1,2 |
L |
K1 |
Gabapentine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
Lamotrigine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
Levetiracetam |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Oxcarbazepine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
Phenobarbital |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
L |
K |
Phenytoin |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
L |
K |
Pregabaline |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Valproic acid |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
K |
1 EFV ↓, NVP ↓, avoid combination or monitor closely (TDM)
2 CNS-effects of EFV can be increased 3 AZT ↑↑, monitor for side effects
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Carbamazepine |
K1 |
K1 |
K1 |
K1 |
K1 |
L1 |
K1 |
K1 |
K |
K |
||||||||
Gabapentine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Lamotrigine |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Levetiracetam |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Oxcarbazepine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Phenobarbital |
K |
L |
K |
K |
K |
L |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Phenytoin |
K |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Pregabaline |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Valproic acid |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
1 PIs ↓, Carbamazepine ↑, avoid if possible or monitor closely (TDM)
2 Lamotrigine ↓, increase if necessary
Antimycotic agents
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Amphotericin B |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
L1 |
K1,2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Caspofungin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K1,2 |
K9 |
K9 |
K9 |
Fluconazole |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1,2,3 |
+ |
+ |
K4 |
Flucytosine |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Itraconazole |
+ |
+ |
+7 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K6 |
K5 |
L4 |
Ketoconazole |
+ |
+ |
+7 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K6 |
K5 |
L8 |
Posaconazole |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
L11 |
K5 |
K4 |
Terbinafine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Voriconazole |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K6, 10 |
K5 |
K4 |
1 Caveat: additive nephrotoxicity possible 2 Increased hematotoxicity 3 AZT ↑↑, Fluconazole ↓
4 NVP ↑↑, monitor liver function tests; in combination with azoles Fluconazole still preferred
5 azoles increase ETR levels, relevance unclear
6 NNRTIs ↑, azoles ↓ 7 Itraconazole ↓ (take 2 h apart) 8 NVP ↑, Ketoconazole ↓↓
9 Caspofungin ↓, dose 70mg/d recommended. 10 Efavirenz ↑ (reduce or TDM), Vorivconazol ↓↓, dose 400mg BID recommended. 11 Posaconazol ↓↓.
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Amphoter. B |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Caspofungin |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Fluconazole |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Flucytosine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Itraconazole2 |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
K |
K4 |
+ |
||||||||
Ketoconazole2 |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K4 |
+ |
||||||||
Posaconazole |
L7 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K6 |
+ |
||||||||
Terbinafine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Voriconazole5 |
K |
L |
K |
K |
L |
K |
K |
K |
K6 |
+ |
||||||||
1 Fluconazole ↑↑, do not excess 200 mg/d 2 PIs ↑, Itra-/Ketoconazole↑, avoid doses >200 mg/d 3 LPV ↑, Itraconazole ↑; avoid doses > 200 mg Itrac./d 4 Keto-/Itraconazole: MVC 150 mg BID 5 Voriconazole ↓ by RTV, avoid boosted PIs if possible 6TDM recommended, if necessary decrease.MVC to 150 mg BID 7 ATV-Clearance ↓, TDM!
Calcium channel antagonists (CCB)
The serum levels of CCB can be increased, especially if combined with PIs. In combination with NNRTIs serum levels might be fluctuating. Start CCB at low dose and titrate to full effect, monitor BP or discuss alternatives.
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Amlodipine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Diltiazem |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Felodipine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Nifedipine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Verapamil |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
PIs/Entry-/Integrasehemmer
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Amlodipine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Diltiazem |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Felodipine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Nifedipine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Verapamil |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Immunosupressants/Chemotherapeutic agents
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Azathioprine |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Cyclophosph. |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K2 |
K |
K |
K |
Cyclosporine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K3 |
K |
K4 |
K4 |
K4 |
Cytarabine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Docetaxel |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Doxorubicine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
K |
K |
K |
Etoposide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
K |
K |
K |
Interferons |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
L2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Irinotecan |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
K |
K |
K |
Mycophenol. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Paclitaxel |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K2 |
+5 |
+5 |
+5 |
Sirolimus |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K4 |
K4 |
K4 |
Tacrolimus |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K3 |
+ |
K4 |
K4 |
K4 |
Tamoxifen |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Vinblastine |
K |
+ |
K1 |
K1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
Vincristine |
K |
++ |
L1 |
L1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
1Neuropathy! Avoid combination if possible 2 AZT: Hematotoxicity, avoid if possible 3 Additive nephrotoxicity possible 4Immunosuppressants ↑-↓, always TDM and dose adjustments! 5 Paclitaxel ↓
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
||||||||
Azathioprin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Cyclophosph. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Cyclosporine1 |
K |
K |
L |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Cytarabine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Docetaxel |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Doxorubicine |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
+ |
K |
K |
||||||||
Etoposide |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K3 |
K |
K |
||||||||
Interferon α |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Interleukin 2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Irinotecan |
L2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K4 |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Mycophenol. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Paclitaxel |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K5 |
K |
K |
||||||||
Sirolimus1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Tacrolimus1 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Tamoxifen |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
||||||||
Vinblastine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
Vincristine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
||||||||
1 Cyclosporine, Sirolimus and Tacrolimus ↑-↑↑↑ in combination with PIs, always TDM, dose adjustments if necessary! 2 Irinotecan toxicity may be increased 3 PIs-drug levels variable in this combinations, TDM! 4 Irinotecan ↓ 5 Paclitaxel ↓
Contraception
The serum levels of both ethinylestradiol and norethindrone can be very fluctuation especially in combination with (boosted) PIs. Therefore the use of oral contraceptives containing these hormones might be unsafe. Furthermore their levels can be fluctuating if combined with EFV and NVP. Combination with ETV is usually safe. For these reasons as well as for STD and HIV transmission prophylaxis oral contraceptives should always be combined with an additional method of contraception, preferably a condom.
Little data exist on combination with entry inhibitors or integrase inhibitors. The data presented here is based on theoretical interactions.
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Artemisins |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K |
K |
K |
Atovaquone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K |
+ |
+ |
Qinine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Choroquine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Halofantrine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Lumefantrine |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Mefloquine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pentamidine i.v. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K2 |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
Primaquine |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
Proguanil |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pyrimethamin |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
1 AZT ↑, monitor for toxicity 2 Caveat: Nephrotocicity 3 Caveat: Hematotoxicity
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
Artemisin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
Atovaquon |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
Chinin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
Chloroquin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Halofantrin |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
+ |
+ |
Lumefantrin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
L |
L |
+ |
+ |
Mefloquin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pentamidin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Primaquin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Proguanil |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Pyrimethamin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
Combinations of most PDE5 inhibitors (e.g. Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Vardenafil) with PIs can cause severe increase in PDE5 serum levels. Thus they should be started carefully with a reduced (usually half) dose every 48 to 72 hours. In combination with NNRTIs the levels of PDE 5 inhibitors are fluctuating strongly, TDM and individual dosing are recommended (ETV and Sildenafil can be combined, sometimes Sildenafil needs to be increased). There are no known relevant interactions of PDE5 inhibitors with NRTIs, T-20, MVC and RAL. If PDE5 inhibitors are prescribed for pulmonary arterial hypertension alternatives such as endothelin receptors inhibitors should be evaluated.
Due to an FDA warning Sildenafil is now contraindicated for treatment of PAH in combination with a PI. Tadalafil and Bosentan need to be adjusted if prescribed as treatment for PAH in combination with a PI. Coadministration of Bosentan and ATV (without Ritonavir booster) is not recommended.
Statins / Lipid lowering drugs
The combination of NRTIs, Entry- and Integrase inhibitors with statins is generally possible, but the combination with PIs can cause problems.
PIs/NNRTIs
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Atorvastatin |
K1 |
K1 |
K1 |
L1 |
L1 |
K1 |
K1 |
L1 |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
Clofibrat |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Ezetimibe |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Fenofibrate |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Fish oils |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Fluvastatin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
Gemfibrozil |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Lovastatin3 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
Pravastatin |
+ |
L3 |
+ |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
K |
+ |
Rosuvastatin |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
K |
+ |
Simvastatin3 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
K |
K |
K |
1 Atorvastatin ↑ if combined with PIs, low dosing! Consider alternatives: e.g. Pravastatin
2 Atorvastatin↓, increase dose if applicable or chose alternatives: e.g. Fluvastatin / Pravastatin
3 Statin levels severely increased, avoid these combinations!
Comment: All statins should be started low-dose if combined with PIs!
Anti-addictive drugs
NRTIs/NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |
AZT |
EFV |
ETV |
NVP |
Buprenorphin |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
K1 |
K |
K |
Naloxone |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Methadone |
+ |
K2 |
K3 |
K |
+ |
+ |
K4 |
K2 |
+ |
K2 |
1 Buprenorphine ↓, increase dose if necessary 2 Methadone ↓, increase dose if necessary
3 DDI ↓, relevance unclear 4 AZT ↑, relevance unclear
PIs/Entry-/Integrase inhibitors
|
ATV |
DRV |
FPV |
IDV |
LPV |
NFV |
SQV |
TPV |
MVC |
RAL |
Buprenorphine |
K1 |
+3 |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
K |
+ |
+ |
Naloxon |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Methadon |
K2 |
K2 |
K2 |
K |
K2 |
K2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
1 Buprenorphine ↑-↑↑, reduce dose if necessary 2 Methadone (↓), adjust dose if necessary
3 Buprenorphine ↓, adjust dose if necessary
Antiviral drugs
There are no known relevant interactions between PIs/NNRTIs and antiviral drugs. No data exists on interactions with CCR5- and Integrase inhibitors.
NRTIs/ NNRTIs
|
3TC |
ABC |
DDI |
D4T |
FTC |
TDF |